Aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos y terapéuticos en niños y adolescentes con hipercalciuria idiopática / Clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects in children and adolescents with idiopathic hypercalciuria

Introducción: La hipercalciuria idiopática es un trastorno metabólico frecuente y poco reconocido, cuyo curso clínico depende en gran medida de cambios en los hábitos dietéticos desde la infancia. Objetivo: Caracterizar a niños y adolescentes con hipercalciuria idiopática según variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y terapéuticas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, longitudinal y prospectiva de 44 pacientes con hipercalciuria idiopática, atendidos en el Servicio de Miscelánea del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Sur Antonio María Béguez César de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015. Resultados: Las formas sintomáticas de la enfermedad resultaron ser las más frecuentes (68,2 %); asimismo, predominó el sexo masculino (72,7 %) y el promedio de edad fue de 7,2 ± 4 años. Existió asociación estadística entre las edades preescolar y escolar en cuanto al diagnóstico de hipercalciuria idiopática. La hematuria macroscópica recurrente fue el síntoma más usual en la mayoría de los casos (59,1 %); en tanto, 25,0 % de los pacientes presentó litiasis renal y el tratamiento no farmacológico a base de líquidos y dieta se relacionó con una evolución satisfactoria en 68,2 % de los afectados, a pesar de que el restante 31,8 % necesitó tratamiento medicamentoso. Conclusiones: Las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con hipercalciuria idiopática de esta casuística no difirieron de las registradas a nivel mundial, considerando que este trastorno metabólico es relativamente frecuente en los servicios de pediatría.

Introduction: The idiopathic hypercalciuria is a frequent and not very recognized metabolic disorder which clinical course depends in great extent on changes in the dietary habits from the childhood. Objective: To characterize children and adolescents with idiopathic hypercalciuria according to the clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic variables. Methods: An observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation was carried out in 44 patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, assisted in the Miscellaneous Service of Antonio María Béguez Cesar Southern Teaching Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2014 to December, 2015. Results: The symptomatic forms of the disease were the most frequent (68.2 %); also, the male sex prevailed (72.7 %) and the average age was 7.2 ± 4 years. Statistical association existed among the preschool and school ages as for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypercalciuria. The recurrent macroscopic hematuria was the most usual symptom in the majority of cases (59.1 %); as long as, the 25.0 % of patients presented renal lithiasis and the diet and liquids-based non pharmacological treatment was associated with a satisfactory evolution in 68.2 % of the affected patients, although the remaining 31.8 % needed drugs treatment. Conclusions: The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria of this case material didn't differ from the ones registered worldwide, taking into account that this metabolic disorder is relatively frequent in pediatric services.

Hipercalciuria idiopática en niños con infección del tracto urinario / Idiopathic hypercalciuria in children with urinary tract infection

Introducción. La hipercalciuria idiopática (HI) predispone al desarrollo de infección del tracto urinario (ITU); sin embargo, hay escasa información local sobre dicha asociación. Nuestros objetivos fueron estimar la prevalencia de HI en niños con ITU y evaluar si esta difería según la presencia o no de reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU). Complementariamente, analizamos la asociación entre HI y la ingesta de sal. Población y métodos. Determinamos la calciuria a pacientes menores de 18 años con ITU estudiada (ecografía y cistouretrografía miccional) y ausencia de causas secundarias de hipercalciuria. Consideramos HI al cociente calcio/creatinina > 0,8; 0,6; 0,5 y 0,2 en niños de 0-6 meses, 7-12 meses, 12-24 meses y en los mayores de 2 años, respectivamente; e ingesta elevada de sodio, al cociente sodio/potasio urinario > 2,5. Resultados. En 136 pacientes (87 niñas, mediana de edad 3 años), la prevalencia de HI fue de 20%. Los pacientes con (n= 54) y sin (n= 82) RVU fueron similares en género, peso, talla, edad al diagnóstico y al momento del estudio, características clínicas (hematuria, nefrolitiasis, dolor cólico y recurrencia de ITU), antecedentes familiares de nefrolitiasis y en la prevalencia de HI (26% vs. 16%, p= 0,24). Los niños hipercalciúricos presentaron ingesta elevada de sodio más frecuentemente que los normocalciúricos (76% vs. 46%, p= 0,007). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de HI en niños con ITU fue alta (20%) y no difirió entre los pacientes con y sin RVU. Sería recomendable la búsqueda de HI en los niños con ITU, independientemente de la presencia o no de RVU.

Introduction. Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) predisposes to urinary tract infections (UTIs); however, there is scarce local information regarding such association. Our objectives were to estimate IH prevalence in children with UTI and to assess whether there were differences in relation to the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Additionally, the association between IH and salt intake was studied. Population and Methods. Calciuria was determined in patients younger than 18 years old on whom UTI had been studied (ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram), and who had no secondary causes of hypercalciuria. IH was defined as a calcium to creatinine ratio of >0.8, 0.6, 0.5 and 0.2 in children aged 0 to 6 months old, 7 to12 months old, 12 to 24 months old and older than 2 years old, respectively; and a high sodium intake with a urinary sodium to potassium ratio of >2.5. Results. IH prevalence among 136 patients (87 girls, median age: 3 years old) was 20%. Patients with VUR (n= 54) and without VUR (n= 82) had similar characteristics in terms of sex, weight, height, age at diagnosis and age at the time of the study, and clinical features (hematuria, nephrolithiasis, colicky pain, and recurrent UTI), family history of kidney stone formation, and IH prevalence (26% versus 16%, p= 0.24). A high sodium intake was more frequently observed in children with hypercalciuria than in those with normal urine calcium levels (76% versus 46%, p= 0.007). Conclusions. IH prevalence in children with UTI was high (20%), with no differences observed between patients with and without VUR. As a recommendation, the presence of IH should be detected in children with UTI, regardless of VUR presence or absence.

Prevalência de hipercalciúria em mulheres na pós-menopausa com osteoporose / Prevalence of hypercalciuria in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de hipercalciúria em mulheres na pós-menopausa com osteoporose e avaliar associação de hipercalciúria com parâmetros clínicos e do metabolismo osteomineral. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 127 mulheres. A calciúria foi determinada em urina de 24 horas. A DMO foi medida em coluna lombar e fêmur por dupla emissão de energia (DXA). RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 64 ± 8 anos. De acordo com a excreção urinária de cálcio, as pacientes foram divididas em normo e hipercalciúricas (HC). Das 127 pacientes, 19 (15 por cento) foram classificadas como HC. Houve diferença entre os grupos apenas na idade de início da menopausa (46 ± 6 vs. 50 ± 3 anos HC, p < 0,0005). Não houve associação entre calciúria e idade, IMC, DMO, cálcio, fósforo, PTH e fosfatase alcalina. CONCLUSÃO: A HC é frequente em mulheres na pós-menopausa com osteoporose, e a medida da calciúria deve ser incluída na investigação dessas pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hypercalciuria (HC) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and its relationship with clinical data and bone mineral metabolism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Calciuria was measured in 24-hour urine samples of 127 women. BMD was measured in the lumbar spine and femur by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: Mean age (±SD) was 64 (±8) years. According to urinary calcium excretion, patients were divided into normo- and hypercalciuric (HC). Of the 127 patients, 19 (15 percent) were classified as HC. The only difference between the groups was the age of onset of menopause (46 ± 6 vs. 50 ± 3 years HC, p < 0.0005). No association was found between calciuria and age, BMI, BMD, calcium, phosphorus, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase. CONCLUSION: HC is frequent in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, and calciuria measurement should be included in the investigation of these patients.

Hipercalciuria idiopática en el niño / Idiopathic hypercalciuria in children

Con el propósito de facilitar la orientación y el estudio de los pacientes con hematuria macroscópica recurrente o microscópica persistente, dolor abdominal recurrente, disuria, infección urinaria recurrente o litiasis nefrourológica en las que puede estar involucrada la hipercalciuria idiopática, se hace esta presentación de forma sencilla, para que pueda ser empleada por el médico de atención primaria. La hipercalciuria idiopática es tan frecuente que afecta aproximadamente al 10 por ciento de la población y ante sus síntomas que pueden ser muy variados, hay que pensar en esta alteración metabólica hereditaria que es la causa más frecuente de litiasis renal cálcica. En ocasiones con una orientación adecuada y pocos o ningún medicamento se puede evitar que los pacientes desarrollen una litiasis nefrourológica o que la enfermedad litiásica progrese, y a la vez, impedir que estos pacientes, niños principalmente, sean sometidos a investigaciones cruentas...

In order to make possible the orientation and the study of patients presenting with recurrent macroscopic hematuria or persistent microscopic hematuria, recurrent abdominal pain, dysuria, recurrent urinary infection or nephrourologic lithiasis where a idiopathic hypercalciuria could be involved, we make this simple presentation that primary care physician could be used. Idiopathic hypercalciuria is so frequent that involves approximately to 10 percent`of population and in face of its symptoms that could be varied, we must to consider this hereditary metabolic alteration as the more frequent cause of calcium renal lithiasis. Some times with an appropriate orientation and a few or none drug it is possible to avoid that patient develop a nephrourologic lithiasis or that the lithiasis disease be progressive, and at the same time, to prevent that these patients, mainly the children underwent difficult researches...

Estudio metabólico en pacientes con urolitiasis de alto riesgo de recurrencia / Metabolic study in patients with urinary lithiasis at high risk of recurrence

Introducción: La urolitiasis es considerada actualmente una enfermedad metabólica con tendencia ala recurrencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la prevalencia de alteraciones metabólicas en pacientes de alto riesgo y su impacto según sexo y edad. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo de 36 pacientes (25 hombres y 11 mujeres), portadores de patología litiásica con alto riesgo de recurrencia. El estudio metabólico consistió en: calcemia, uricemia, fosfemia, PTH sérica, calciuria/24 hrs, uricosuria/24 hrs, fosfaturia/24 hrs, oxalaturia/24 hrs,citraturia/24 hrs y creatininuria/24 hrs. Los valores obtenidos fueron ajustados de acuerdo a la creatininuria y peso. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó t-student (STATA 7.0). Se consideró significativo p<0,05.Resultados: En el 69 por ciento (25/36) se observó alguna alteración metabólica; el 36 por ciento (13/36) presentó 2 omás alteraciones metabólicas. Las alteraciones más frecuentes fueron la hipercalciuria (30,6 por ciento; 11/36), la hipocitraturia (30,6 por ciento; 11/36), la hiperuricemia (19,4 por ciento; 7/36) y la hiperoxalaturia (13, por ciento; 5/36).No se observó diferencias significativas de edad o sexo entre los grupos con y sin alteración metabólica. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con patología litiásica recurrente o de alto riesgo presentan una o más alteraciones metabólicas, predominando la hipercalciuria y la hipocitraturia. En este estudio no hubo diferencias entre ambos sexos en la mayoría de las alteraciones metabólicas, ni tampoco en su distribución etaria. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de realizar estudios metabólicos en pacientes de alto riesgo, dado que existen herramientas terapéuticas que permiten un manejo médico de las alteraciones metabólicas y de esta forma reducir la recurrencia de litiasis.

Introduction: Urolithiasis is a metabolic disorder with a tendency to relapse. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in patients at high risk and the impact of sex and age. Materials and methods: Descriptive study of 36 patients (25 men and 11 women),with lithiasic pathology at high risk of recurrence. The metabolic study included the measurement of calcemia, uricemia, fosfemia, parathormone, calciuria/24hrs, uricosuria/24hrs, fosfaturia/24hrs, oxalaturia/24hrs, citraturia/ 24hrs and creatinine/24hrs. The values obtained were corrected according to weight and creatinine. The test used for statistical analysis was t-student (STATA 7.0). It was considered significant p <0.05.Results: In 69 percent (25/36) of the cases a metabolic abnormality was observed and in 36 percent (13/36) there was 2 or more alterations present. The metabolic disorders most frequently observed were hypercalciuria (30.6 percent; 11/36), hypocitraturia (30.6 percent; 11/36), hyperuricemia (19.4 percent; 7/36) and hyperoxaluria (13.9 percent; 5/36). There was no significant difference in age or sex between the groups with and without metabolic abnormality. Conclusions: Most patients with recurrent lithiasic pathology or at high-risk display one or more metabolic disorders, being hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia the most frecuently encountered. In this study, there was no difference between sexes in most of the metabolic disorders, nor in its age distribution. These results demonstrate the need for metabolic studies in high-risk patients, since there are tools that allow therapeutic medical management of metabolic disorders and thus reduce the recurrence of lithiasis.

Urinary risk factors for recurrent calcium stone formation in Thai stone formers.

OBJECTIVE: To survey the urinary risk factors associated with recurrent calcium stone and the contribution of renal tubular acidosis to the prevalence of recurrent calcium stone formation in Thai recurrent stone formers. MATERIAL AND METHOD: There were 86 consecutive recurrent calcium stone formers. Three-day dietary record, serum biochemical parameters, first morning urine pH, and two 24-hour urine collections were obtainedfrom each subject. Urinary risk factors for calcium stone formation were determined from the average of the 2-day urine collection. Normal controls were 34 subjects matched for aged, sex, and weight, and without a history of renal stone formation. RESULTS: Seven patients (8.1%) were diagnosed as incomplete renal tubular acidosis (iRTA). Among the 79 idiopathic calcium stone formers (ISF), 69.6%, 15.2%, 10.1%, 7.2% and 1.3% of patients were hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, low urinary volume, hyperuricosuria and hyperoxaluria, respectively. The common combinations of risk factors were hypocitraturia plus low urine output (8.9%) or plus hypercalciuria (7.6%). There were significant differences between ISF and normal controls in urinary oxalate excretion (0.16 +/- 0.01 vs 0.12 +/- 0.01, p < 0.05), urinary calcium/citrate ratio (4.49 +/- 0.50 vs 2.83 +/- 0.34, p < 0.01) and ion activity product for calcium oxalate stone (0. 46 +/- 0.03 vs 0. 33 +/- 0.03, p < 0. 05). Urinary citrate in ISF varied directly with net alkaline absorption (r = 0.34, p < 0.005) and urinary potassium (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). There were significant correlations between urinary calcium excretion and both sodium excretion (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and urea excretion (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) in ISE There were seven (8.1%) with incomplete renal tubular acidosis. Patients with iRTA tended to have less urinary citrate and higher calcium/citrate ratio than did ISF, but hypercalciuria was uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: Hypocitraturia was the most common urinary risk factor found in Thai recurrent idiopathic calcium stone formers followed by hypercalciuria and low urinary volume. Almost one-fourth of the stone formers had multiple risk factors. Hypocitraturia might result from low potassium and low alkaline intake. iRTA was common among recurrent calcium stone formers. Determination of morning urine pH should be a part of the investigations for urinary risk factors to avoid overlooking the diagnosis of iRTA.